Scholars generally estimate subscribers to Freedom s Journal (1827-1829), the United States" first African American newspaper, at around 800. based on subscriptions to the Rights of AIL an African American newspaper founded in 1829 as a successor to Freedom s Journal by a former editor of that newspaper. But Gross argues that many more than 800 readers probably subscribed to Freedom s Journal because many of its subscribers, dissatisfied with the direction ultimately taken by the paper, refused to subscribe to the Rights of All. In any case, the figure of 800 subscribers would make the circulation of Freedom s Journal close to that of other weekly papers of the time Its number of readers, however, would have been much larger: copies were often shared. and African American organizations subscribed to Freedom s Journal, providing nonsubscribers access to the paper African American organizations' subscriptions to Freedom s Journal are mentioned in the passage primarily in order to.

• A. cite a factor that casts doubt on most scholars assumptions about the number of subscribers to Freedom
  $ Journal
• B. help account for a possible difference between the number of subscribers to Freedom s Journal and to The Rights of All.
• C. illustrate why the readership numbers for Freedom s Journal should be distinguished from the subscription numbers
• D. identify the primary subscribers to both Freedom s Journal and The Rights of All
• E. dispute Gross's claim about the probable number of readers of Freedom S Journal

W. E. B. Du Bois's exhibit of African American history and culture at the 1900 Paris Exposition Universelle attracted the attention of a world of sociological scholarship whose values his work challenged. Du Bois believed that sociological sociologists failed in their attempts to gain greater understanding of human deeds because their work examined not deeds but theories and because they gathered data not to effect social progress but merely to theorize. In his exhibit. Du Bois sought to present cultural artifacts that would shift the focus of sociology from the construction of vast generalizations to die observation of particular. living individual elements of society and the working contributions of individual people to a vast functioning social structure.
The passage implies that Du Bois believed which of the following statements about sociology?

• A. It should focus on how existing social structures determine individual behavior.
• B. It should study what people actually do.
• C. It should contribute to the betterment of society.

The story lines of silent dramas may often have been_________. yet within those basic narrative outlines, the true artists among silent-film actors could express emotional shadings that have no analogue in spoken

• A. conventional
• B. incredible
• C. rudimentary
• D. implausible
• E. confusing
• F. elemental
• G. language.

Carbon dating of charcoal gathered from a Nok iron smelter at Intime. Nigeria, suggests that iron technology was established there by 410 B.C. This may not be the oldest smelter in sub-Saharan Africa, however.
Archaeologists have located evidence of iron-smelting in the Termite Hills of Niger from as early as 1400 B.C.. but skeptics say the wood used for that dating could have already been centuries old when burned as fuel-a problem that dogs carbon dating, especially in arid places like Niger, where wood desiccates and lasts longer. Of course, the same problem could distort dates for the Intime furnace as well, but here there is an important piece of corroborating evidence: Nok pottery found inside the furnace alongside the charcoal.
The author implies which of the following about the "Nok pottery found inside the furnace"?

• A. It contains traces of iron smelted in the same furnace.
• B. It predates the pottery found in the Termit Mills of Niger.
• C. It was probably imported to Intini from a less arid climate.
• D. It indicates that the furnace was used primarily for purposes other than smelting.
• E. It provides independent support for the results of the carbon dating of the charcoal.